Lead the competition in pdf

Answer b. Match the parties with their founders Party Founder 1. Swatantra Party a. Lala Lajpat Rai 2. Congress Independence Party b. Motilal Nehru 3. State of West Bengal deal with?

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court direct the compulsory registration of all marriages in India? Which of the following principles is applicable for the purpose of reducing multiplicity of proceedings? In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court for the first time lay down that Fundamental Rights have primacy over the Directive Principles of State Policy? Which of the following writs can be used against a person believed to be holding a public office he is not entitled to hold?

Which of the following is entrusted with a statutory duty of laying down the standards of professional conduct and etiquette for advocates in India? Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society— J Econ 18 1 — Arellano M, Bond S Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations.

Rev Econ Stud 58 2 — Econ Rev 19 3 — J Econ 68 1 :5— Arellano M, Bover O Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. J Econ 68 1 — Amer Econ Rev 98 3 — Sargan JD The estimation of economic relationships using instrumental variables. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society — Econ Res J — in chinese. Security Molas, health Mo, Medicine SAoTC Temporary measures for the management of medical institutions for basic medical insurance for urban workers.

Accessed 26 June in chinese Shu X Introduction of relevant regulations on the management of conracted medical institutions of urban employee basic medical insurance.

Golden fall —28 in chinese. Evidence from China's Sichuan Province. Emerg Mark Financ Trade 53 6 — Eggleston K, Yip W Hospital competition under regulated prices: application to urban health sector reforms in China. PP Herwartz H, Strumann C On the effect of prospective payment on local hospital competition in Germany.

Health Care Manage Sci 15 1 — Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Jay Pan. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Lu, L. Does hospital competition lead to medical equipment expansion? Evidence on the medical arms race.

Health Care Manag Sci 24, — Download citation. Received : 04 September Accepted : 27 October Published : 07 January Issue Date : September Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Biochar is a novel sorbent produced by the pyrolysis of a feedstock under oxygen-limited or anaerobic conditions 8 , 9 , 10 , The characteristics of large specific surface area, porous structure, profound surface functional groups and mineral components make it efficient sorbents for multiple contaminants 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , Since there are only a very few reports which raised an attention for heavy metal competition on biochar, more intensive studies are needed to evaluate the adsorption capability of biochars under more complicated situations.

Pb is often accompanied by Cd from a range of anthropogenic sources such as batteries, mining and smelting operations 27 , The metal-contaminated soils are usually acidic which inevitably results in Al dissolution The association and interaction of Pb with Cd and Al can potentially impact the adsorption behavior of Pb by biochars. Recently, some investigations have been performed on the removal of metal ions by biochars in multi-metal systems 30 , Xu et al. Ding et al. Qian et al.

However, to our knowledge, the competitive behavior of Cd and Al with Pb adsorption by biochar is still unclear, therefore, to study the competitive adsorption mechanism of Al or Cd with Pb by different biochars was quite critical for assessing the amendment of biochar to Pb in soil. The objective of this study is to investigate the adsorption efficiency of Pb by biochars with Cd or Al. The mechanisms responsible for competitive adsorption are elucidated using kinetics models and batch experiments at various pH values.

The adsorption amounts of Pb by four laboratory derived biochars and eight commercial biochars are shown in Fig. The adsorption amounts of Pb were Among the tested samples, CM was the most effective Pb adsorbent with the adsorption amount much higher than that of RH This is mainly attributed to the higher phosphorite containing in cattle manure The Pb adsorption amounts by commercial biochars ranged from 3.

The highest Pb adsorption amount was the biochar derived from banboo BB Thus BB was selected as the representative of commercial biochars. The Pb adsorption amount by different biochars. The capital letters represent the abbreviations of biochar precursors, the number following the letters is the pyrolysis temperature and the number in the bracket is the mesh sieve of biochars being passed through.

All these bands varied with increasing pyrolysis temperatures. In addition, the band intensity of Si-O-Si was shown to increase significantly, inducing a high silicon content from its original feedstock. The high content of silicon in cattle manures and its derived biochar was previously reported It is also interesting to note that the Si-O-Si and oxygen-containing groups were observed in the commercial biochar BB The numbers in the sample names represent the pyrolysis temperatures.

In contrast, the pH IEP was increased to approximately 3. The XRD spectra of biochar samples are shown in Fig. Similar to the changes of organic functional groups of biochar samples, the crystal minerals of biochars were varied as the pyrolysis temperature was increased. For CM, more amorphous organic components were found and only the presence of albite was confirmed New diffraction peaks for calcium sulfate and dolomite were appeared for BB The dolomite was probably the major alkaline minerals present in BB The following minerals are labeled with respect to their peaks: A, albite; C, calcium sulfate; D, dolomite and Q, quartz.

All biochar samples were at alkaline pH values, with the potential to neutralize the acidity when used as amendments. The difference in pH may be arisen from different pyrolysis temperatures and feedstock types The elemental analysis showed that biochar derived from the cattle manure had higher contents of K and Ca than bamboo-based biochar.

However, more mineral components especially for Mg can be found in BB, being approximately four times higher than that of CM 1. The mineral elemental analysis corresponded favorably with the crystal mineral analysis by XRD.

The content of P in biochars was significantly increased with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature. The presence of these mineral components in biochars pyrolyzed under high temperature was important in processes involving complexation and precipitation with the metal components.

Overall, the variation of biochar surface characteristics, regulated by the pyrolysis condition and properties of the original feedstock, would have significant impacts on their adsorption capacity and removal mechanism. The surface of the CM was clean Fig.

The structural morphology of BB Fig. Scanning electron micrograph spectra of the biochar produced from cattle manure [CM a , b and CM c , d ], Bamboo biochar [BB e , f ].

The data of surface area, pore volume and adsorption average pore diameter is presented in Table 2. BB showed the greatest surface area The adsorption of Pb by biochars can be divided into fast and slow processes.

Since biochar contains many heterogeneous components, the fast- and slow-adsorption processes may be strongly affected by the activation of these components.

The organic components were contained in CM mainly and they may be likely to interact with Pb quickly. As the pyrolysis temperature was increased, more mineral fractions in CM and BB were exposed to the Pb adsorption, leading to slow the adsorption kinetics.

The pH increases during the Pb adsorption implied that the activation of these components was probably regulated by pH values Fig. Among the three biochars, CM is showed to be the most effective for the adsorption amounts of Pb with This phenomenon was consistent with the findings of Kolodynska et al.

It is attributable that the two dual roles including both oxygen-containing organic components and mineral components contribute to its effective adsorption capability Higher pH values may be another significant factor to improve the potential adsorption capability of Pb The kinetics data indicated that the adsorption of Pb by biochars was rate-limited chemisorption which may be related to the pH-dependent release of active sites.

As illustrated in Fig. The competitive adsorption process of Cd and Pb was different from its corresponding behavior in Pb adsorption by biochar alone, since the pseudo second model was no longer suitable for describing its adsorption process.

This phenomenon indicated that the mechanism of metal ions competitive adsorption by biochars was complex and probably a combination of many sorption processes. The presence of Al appeared to exhibit a stronger competition than Cd. As shown in Fig. Apart from the competition for the same sites, the acidification effect of Al may be another significant factor to inhibit the adsorption of Pb, as the finial pH of CM, CM and BB were greatly decreased 4.

It was suggested that the competition effect was increased with a decreasing pH value. Therefore, the present of Al showed a stronger inhibition of Pb adsorption than that of Cd. Therefore, the increasing mineral fractions were likely to lead the specific adsorption with Pb in resisting the competition of Cd and Al more effectively. The pH-dependent adsorption of Pb in aqueous solution by biochars are shown in Fig.

When the initial pH was below 3.